In the context of a power supply, the term ‘load resistance’ refers to the resistance presented by the entire load on the power supply. It is calculated as the output voltage divided by the total current drawn, which includes not only the current consumed by the connected load but also any additional current drawn by components like the bleeder resistor.

In a series-regulated power supply, the power dissipation in the pass transistor is directly proportional to the load current and the voltage differential between the input and output. The power dissipation is calculated as the product of the voltage drop across the transistor and the current flowing through it. This relationship is important for thermal management and ensuring the reliability of the power supply.

A full-wave rectifier with a choke input filter provides the best voltage regulation under similar load conditions. The choke input filter helps maintain a more constant output voltage across varying loads, and the full-wave rectification ensures that the entire AC waveform is utilized, leading to a more stable and efficient power supply.

The two main categories of electronic voltage regulators are linear and switching regulators. Linear regulators provide a stable output voltage by dissipating excess power as heat, while switching regulators control the output voltage by rapidly switching a pass element on and off. Switching regulators are generally more efficient than linear regulators, especially in applications with a large difference between input and output voltages.

The maximum output voltage available from a full-wave bridge rectifier circuit is approximately the same as that from a full-wave center-tap rectifier circuit for a given transformer. Both types of rectifiers effectively use both halves of the AC cycle, but the bridge rectifier does so without the need for a center-tapped transformer.

In a power supply with a choke input filter, it is important to maintain a minimum current draw to ensure proper functioning of the choke. This can be achieved by including a suitable bleeder resistor in the circuit. The bleeder resistor continuously draws a small amount of current, ensuring that the choke operates effectively and maintains the desired filtering action.

Dynamic regulation refers to the power supply’s ability to respond to rapid, short-term changes in the load resistance. It is an important characteristic that determines how quickly and effectively the power supply can adjust its output to maintain a stable voltage during transient changes in the load.

A choke input filter in a power supply provides the best voltage regulation with a normal load. The inductance of the choke helps to maintain a more constant output voltage by smoothing out variations in the input voltage, especially under varying load conditions. This results in a more stable output compared to other types of filters.

A switching voltage regulator operates by rapidly switching a control device (like a transistor) on and off. The duty cycle (the ratio of the on-time to the total cycle time) is adjusted in response to changes in the input voltage or load conditions. This switching action, combined with inductive and capacitive elements, allows the regulator to efficiently maintain a stable output voltage.

Increasing the value of the output capacitor in a power supply improves its dynamic regulation. A larger output capacitor provides better filtering and can store more energy, which helps to maintain a stable output voltage during rapid changes in the load or input voltage, thereby enhancing the power supply’s dynamic response.

Filter chokes, used in power supply circuits to reduce ripple voltage, are rated based on their inductance and current-handling capacity. The inductance determines how effectively the choke can filter out the AC ripple, while the current-handling capacity ensures that the choke can carry the load current without overheating or becoming saturated.

In a half-wave rectifier with a capacitor input filter, the peak inverse voltage (PIV) across the diode can be significantly higher than the RMS voltage of the transformer secondary. This is because the capacitor charges up to the peak voltage of the transformer secondary, and the diode must withstand this voltage in reverse bias when the AC waveform goes negative. The PIV can reach approximately 2.8 times the RMS voltage in such a setup.

In a regulated power supply, fuses are components that can conduct both alternating current (AC) at the input before the transformer and direct current (DC) before the output. Fuses are safety devices designed to protect the power supply and connected equipment from overcurrent conditions by breaking the circuit if the current exceeds a certain threshold.

Full-wave voltage doublers are designed to use both halves of the AC wave. Unlike half-wave doublers that only use one half-cycle of the AC input, full-wave doublers effectively utilize both the positive and negative half-cycles. This allows them to double the peak voltage of the AC input, leading to a higher output voltage compared to half-wave doublers.

A three-terminal regulator is a modern type of voltage regulator that includes a reference voltage, a high-gain amplifier, temperature-compensated voltage sensing resistors and transistors, and a pass-element, all integrated into a single package. The term “three-terminal” refers to the three connections of the regulator: the input voltage, the output voltage, and the ground. This type of regulator is widely used due to its simplicity, effectiveness, and compactness.

In linear voltage regulators, a Zener diode is commonly used as a stable reference voltage. Zener diodes are designed to maintain a constant voltage across them when they are reverse-biased, making them ideal for providing a stable reference in voltage regulation circuits

When rectifier diodes are used in a high voltage power supply, they may have slightly different characteristics which can result in uneven voltage drops across them. Wiring a resistor and capacitor in parallel with the diodes helps to equalize these voltage drops, ensuring that each diode shares the load more evenly. Additionally, the capacitor helps to smooth out any transient voltage spikes that may occur during operation, improving the stability and reliability of the power supply. Therefore, option C is the correct choice as it addresses both the equalization of voltage drops and the mitigation of transient voltage spikes.

In a choke input filter power supply, it is advisable to use capacitors rated at the peak transformer voltage as a safety margin. This is because, under certain conditions such as no-load and a failed (burned-out) bleeder resistor, the voltage across the filter capacitor can rise to the peak transformer voltage. Using capacitors rated for this higher voltage ensures they can withstand these potential conditions without failing.

In power-supply circuits, silicon-diode rectifiers are crucial components that allow current to flow in one direction but block it in the opposite direction. They’re like one-way streets for electricity. However, to ensure they work properly and safely, there are two main “rules” or ratings we need to follow:

1. Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV): Imagine pushing against a door that only opens one way. If you push too hard on the wrong side, you might break the door. The PIV is like the maximum force you can push on the door (the diode) in the wrong direction (reverse) without breaking it. If the voltage trying to push through the diode in the reverse direction gets too high, higher than the PIV rating, the diode could get damaged.

2. Average Forward Current: Now, when you open the door the right way with just the right amount of force, it opens smoothly. This is like the diode allowing electricity to flow through it in the forward direction. The average forward current is like the maximum average strength you can use to open the door regularly without wearing out the hinges (the diode) over time. If the diode carries more current than it’s rated for, it can overheat and potentially fail.

The cleanest output and best regulation in a regulated power supply are typically found at the point where the sampling network or error amplifier is connected. This is because the error amplifier adjusts the regulation based on the feedback it receives from this point, ensuring that the output voltage remains stable and clean, even with variations in the input voltage or load.

A three-terminal regulator is a type of voltage regulator that typically includes a voltage reference, an error amplifier, sensing resistors and transistors, and a pass element (like a transistor). These components work together to maintain a stable output voltage. The “three-terminal” designation refers to the regulator’s three connections: input, output, and ground.

In a regulated power supply, the output of the electrolytic filter capacitor, which smooths the rectified DC, is typically connected to the voltage regulator. The voltage regulator’s role is to maintain a stable output voltage regardless of variations in the input voltage or load conditions. This setup ensures that the regulated power supply provides a consistent and reliable DC output.

In a linear voltage regulator, the conduction of a control element (like a transistor) is continuously adjusted in direct proportion to changes in the line voltage or load current. This allows the regulator to maintain a constant output voltage despite variations in input voltage or load.

In power supply circuits, the two most common types of filters used are choke input filters and capacitor input filters. Choke input filters use an inductor (choke) as the primary filtering element, while capacitor input filters use a capacitor. Both types have distinct characteristics in terms of voltage regulation, ripple reduction, and efficiency.

In a full-wave rectifier, the ripple frequency is twice the frequency of the AC supply. For a standard household AC supply of 60 Hz, the ripple frequency in a full-wave rectifier will be 120 Hz. This is because the full-wave rectifier inverts every negative half-cycle of the AC waveform, effectively doubling the frequency of the ripples in the output.